Basic Computer Terminologies and Concepts [Explain]

Basic Computer Terminologies and Concepts [Explain]

COMPUTER TERMINOLOGIES

Access Time

Access time means the performance of a hard drive or other storage device- how long it takes to locate a file.

Active program or window

It means application or window running on the monitor.

Alert

A message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong.

Application

Application is another term for software program: basically a program you use on a computer, like word, Turbo Tax, Outlook , Powerpoint ,etc.

Bandwidth Bandwidth  measurement  the data transmission speed from one computer to another.

Bit

The smallest piece of information used by the computer. It used to derive from “binary digit.”

BIOS

Basic Input/Output system. This term is used to refer to ROM BIOS chip inside the computer which manages the computer boot up process.

Backup

A copy of document/file makes for documentation purposes for future use.

Boot

To startup a computer.

Bootstrap Loader

Bootstrap is a program that manages a computer boot up process.

Bug

It is a programming error that causes a program to behave in an  unexpected way.

Bus

Bus is an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer.

Burn

It is a process CD or DVD means to write data files to it using a special piece of hardware.

Clipboard

A portion of memory where the temporarily stores information, it is called a Copy Buffer because it is used to hold information for example if we cut any text for paste in MS Word we find that the cut text temporarily stores in clipboard.

Command

The act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke.

Compiler

A program that converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer.

control Panel

A program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Windows looks and/or behaves.

CMOS

A type of computer chip which is able to operate with a very small amount of electricity from a battery.

CPU

Central Processing Unit, the processor “brain” of the computer. The CPU is the place where all the computer calculations take place.

Cursor

A pointer, which is controlled by the mouse.

Database

It is an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched.

Digitize

To convert linear/analog data into digital data this can be used by the computer.

Disk Drive

The machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk.

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line is a type of high speed data compression which runs over telephone lines.

Ethernet

It is a protocol for high speed communication and file transfer across a network.

Expansion slot

It is a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board to provide new or enhanced features.

Floppy

A 3.5, 5.25 and 8 inch square disk which holds data.

Folder

An electronic sub directory  which contains files.

Hard Drive

Hard Drive  is a central storage space for your computer which defines as C/D/E drive.

Highlight

To select by clicking once on a icon/file/folder/text document. To highlighted word double click and for paragraph triple click is required.

Icon

It is graphic symbol used for file or folder.

Insertion Point

In word processing/ presentation document, the blinking indication which indicates where you’re next typing will begin. You can insert any word on that point.

Installer

Installer is software used to install a program on your hard drive.

IP address

IP means Internet Protocol addresses are assigned to each and every computer on a TCP/IP network.

ISP

(Internet Service Provider) this would be the company that provides your Internet access.

Keyboard Shortcut

It is combination of keystrokes that performs some function.

Landscape

It is a printing from under page layout: it  used to print sideways on the page.

Menu

A list of program commands listed by topic.

Menu bar

A horizontal bar across the top of the screen.

Mother board

The green board inside of a computer that allows all of the internal computer components to interact , it routes data to and from all the other parts, of computer.

NIC

(Network Interface Card) This is a part of the computer that allows it to talk to other computers (aka,a network) via a network “protocol” or language like TCP/IP.

Optical Disk

A high capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.

Operating System

It is system software that controls the computer. The operating Systems are Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Linux, Unix and Apple’s Mac OS X Leopard.

Peripherals

An add-on component to your computer like printers,mice, keyboard, scanners, monitor, etc.

Processor Chip

This is the brain of the computer which does all the calculations and task processing for example “Intel” chip or the “Xeon” chip.

RAM

(Random Access memory) It is the memory that allows you to hold and run a program.

Reset Switch

It is a switch used to restarts the computer.

ROM

Read Only Memory that can be accessed and read, but not written to.

Routine

A series of instructions written to complete a specific but limited computing task.

Scroll bar

A bar at the bottom contains the scroll box and allows scrolling.

Server

A machine dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network).

Software

Software is files that contain instructions for a computer.

TCP/IP

Transmission  Control  Protocol and Internet Protocol on which the internet run.

Title bar

The horizontal bar at the top of a window which represent the name of file/folder.

Upload

It is used to send a file from one computer to another through a network.

virtual Memory

Using a part of your hard drive as though it were “RAM”.

Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information

In this post we discuss about Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information and also Basic Elements and Features of Linux Operating System

Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information

Introduction of Linux

Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, Finland, Introduced Linux in 1991.Torvalds worked on the Linux project and wrote the source code for the Linux kernel. Linux is a free operating system. Torvalds made Linux available on the Internet. Many programmers added to the code, changed it, and built in support for all kinds of hardware.

He released the system to  a community of “hackers” on the Internet and asked them to work with it, fix it, and enhance it. In fact, today there are thousands of software developers around the world who have worked on it. The source code for the software is freely available, anyone can work on it. Developers are encouraged to feed their fixes and improvements back into the community so that Linux can continue to grow and improve.

Linux is like a clone of Unix  and has been written from scratch by Linux Torvalds. Torvalds, mainly used Min-ix , a miniature version of Unix as a teaching aid in universities and colleges. He was very much impressed with the features of the Unix Operating System. He wanted to create his own version of the Unix Operating System and distribute freely for use to everybody. 

There is a vast amount of software that can be used with Linux, all of which includes features that can complete with or surpass those of any other operating system in the world. Linux is very similar to Unix. Unix started off as a single-user operating system. 

In 1969, Ken Thompson, by taking ideas and help from Dennis Richie and others, wrote a small , general purpose operating system for small machines. In 1973, Thompson and Richie rewrote the Unix operating System in C in place of writing operating system in assembly language. In 1974, Unix was licensed to universities for educational purposes  and later on, was made commercially available.

Torvalds has made the source code of the Linux kernel available for study and changes over the Internet. This means that the current development version of  Linux is always open to everybody. Torvalds also accepts modification to the kernel code. 

In order to maintain stability, Torvalds exercised strict quality control and then merged all the new code into the kernel . The Internet has played a major role in the development of the Linux operating system. Today,  many companies provide  support for Linux over the Internet.

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT OF COMPUTER [C.P.U.] | BLOCK DIAGRAM

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA DESIGN | TECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE | UTILITY SOFTWARE EXAMPLES

OUTPUT DEVICES OF COMPUTER- DEFINITION | DEVICE NAME

MEMORY OR STORAGE DEVICES OF COMPUTER | RAM | ROM

Features of Linux

Linux has lots of interesting features. some important features are as follows:

1. Linux is a multi-user operating system. Here, more than one user can connect to the system and work concurrently  at any point in time. Each user can have more than one program  running simultaneously  . Users can also have their own environments arranged, the way they want, their own directory for  storing files and their own desktop  interface with icons, menus, and applications arranged to suit them.

2. Linux supports multi-programming, which allows many programs to be executed simultaneously  by different users. Multi-programming is made possible on the Linux system by the concept of time-sharing. The operating system has to manage the different programs to be executed.

3. A program in Linux is broken into tasks, each task being something like reading from or writing to the disk or waiting for input from a user. The operating system which has ability to handle the execution of multiple tasks is known as multi-tasking.

4. Linux is Po-six-compliant and supports most of the standard sets for all Unix systems.

5. Linux is the powerful framework for working with graphical applications and it is referred to as the X-windows system.X handles the function of opening X-based graphic user interface (GUI) applications and displaying them on a X-environment to provide a desktop metaphor and windows manager to provide the GUI application like icons, window  frames, menus and colors, or a combination of these items called themes.

6. Linux has a program called DOSEMV.   It creates a DOS emulator that can execute many DOS applications. DOSEMV uses image files of a hard disk to emulate a DOS hard disk so that you need not have a DOS partition.

7. Linux comes with the Apache Web Server that serves web pages. It is a most popular web server in use today.

8. Linux also comes with a lots of other useful and free software such as text editors, browsers, and scientific applications.

9. Linux can be installed in several machine profiles without the need to configure the software.

10. No virus can attack Linux since common users don’t have access to the system’s main kernel.

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT OF COMPUTER [C.P.U.] | BLOCK DIAGRAM

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA DESIGN | TECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE | UTILITY SOFTWARE EXAMPLES

OUTPUT DEVICES OF COMPUTER- DEFINITION | DEVICE NAME

MEMORY OR STORAGE DEVICES OF COMPUTER | RAM | ROM

Basic Elements of Linux

Kernel

The Kernel is at the core of Linux system and it is loaded in the memory as soon as system start up. It manages main memory file and peripheral device. Maintaining the time and date launching applications and allocating system resources are also functions of this part of the operating system.

Shell

Shell is a program which interpret the program given by the users. Commands  can be either by typed in through the command line or contained in a file called shell script commands interpreted by the shell.

The File System

Linux treats everything as file. Even a directory treated that contains entries for several other files. All the hardware devices such as input output storage etc. are all treated as a The Linux file system is organised in an hierarchy which starts with the root directory and it is represented forward slash. Standard system directory in Linux uses for slash as separators.

/bin

This directory  contains executable program file (Binary Files) . In this directory one can finds the files for the Linux commands.

/dev

This directory contains the special file for example the printer may be a file known as PRN in this directory . Hard Disk may be a hda file and its first partition would a hda file.

/etc

This directory contains all the system wide configuration information as text file.

/lib

This directory contains the library files. Library files contains the reusable functions and routines for the programmer to use.

/tmp

This directory contains all the temporary files which will eventually be deleted from the system.

/usr

This directory contains the home directory of the user source text for the online manual pages, games and other directories. There is one home directory for each user.

/kernel

This directory contains all the kernel specific code. The kernel is the heart of the linux system. It is responsible the resource allocation security and low level hardware interface.

/mnt

This is the directory where the storage devices other than (hard disk, floppy disk) are mounted. This directory contains the sub directories floppy and CD-ROM which when these devices are mounted show the content of the CD-ROM or floppy disk respectively.

Commands

A Linux command is a series of character that we type. These character consist of word which are separated by wide spaces the first word is the command itself and the rest are commands argument. These argument provide information that command may need for its execution.

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT OF COMPUTER [C.P.U.] | BLOCK DIAGRAM

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA DESIGN | TECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE | UTILITY SOFTWARE EXAMPLES

OUTPUT DEVICES OF COMPUTER- DEFINITION | DEVICE NAME

MEMORY OR STORAGE DEVICES OF COMPUTER | RAM | ROM

Important Full Form Related to Computer [A to Z]

Important Full Form Related to Computer [A to Z]

ABR	Area Border Router
ADC	Analog to Digital Converter
ADB	Apple Desktop Bus
APCI	Application Layer Protocol Control Information
ARC	Advanced  Risk Computing
ASF	Active Streaming Format
ASP	Active Server Page
ADE	Automatic Design Engineering
ADO	ActiveX Data Objects
ADSI	Active Directory Services Interfaces
AGP	Accelerated Graphics Port
AIF	Application Integration Feature
AJAX	Asynchronous Java Script And XML
ALGOL	Algorithmic Language
ALU	Arithmetic And Logical Unit
BAR	Base Address Register
BASIC	Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
ATA	At Attachment
ARPA	Advanced Research Agency Addressing
AVI	Audio Visual Interleaving
ASG	Abstract Semantic Graph
ASIC	Application Specific Integration Circuit
ASP	Application Service Provider
ATA	Advanced Technology Attachment
BFD	Binary File Descriptor
BGP	Border Gateway Protocol
BBS	Bulletin Board System
BCD	Binary coded Decimal
BCR	Bar Code Reader
BMP	Basic Multilingual  Plane
BRAN	Broadband Radio Access Networks
CAL	common Application Language/computer Assisted Learning
CAE	Common Application Environment
CAD	Computer Aided Design
CAL	Computer Aided Learning
CAM	Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAT	Computer Aided Translation
CAQ	Computer Aided Quality Assurance
CC	C compiler
CPN	Central Processing Node
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
CDOT	Centre for D
CDR	Compact Disk Recordable
CDROM	Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CDRW	Compact Disk Rewritable
CDR/W	Compact Disk Read/Write
COBOL	Common Business Oriented Language
CGA	Colour Graphic Array
CGI	Common Gateway Interface/ Computer Graphics Interface
DAA	Data Access Arrangement
DB	Database
DBA	Database Administrator
DBMS	Database Management System
DCE	Data Communications Equipment
DDS	Digital Data Storage
DDS	Distributed  Data Server
DIM	Device Interface Module
DHTML	Dynamic HTML
DLC	Data Link Control
DTR	Data Terminal Ready
DVD	Digital Versatile Disk/Digital Video Disc
EDD	Enhanced Disk Drive
EFF	Electronic Frontier Foundation
EFI	Extensible Firmware Interface
EGA	Enhanced Graphics Array
FCS	Frame Check Sequence
FDC	Floppy Disk Drive Controller
FDD	Floppy disk Drive
GB	Gigabit
GB	Gigabyte
GDA	Global Document Annotation
HDA	Head Disk Assembly
HDD	Hard Disk Drive
HDLC	High Level Data Link Control Procedures
HHD	Hybrid Hard Drive
BIN	Binary
BMP	BIt Map
BIOS	Basic Input Output System
BOF	Beginning Of File
BOOTP	Bootstrap Protocol
BPI	Bytes Per Inch
BPS	Bits Per Second
CAI	Computer Assisted (Aided) Instruction
CLR	common Language Runtime
CMOS	Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CNC	Computer Numerical Control
COLBOL	Common Business Oriented Language
COM	Component Object Module
COMAL	Common Algorithmic Language
CRT	Cathode Ray Tube
CSI	Common System Interface
CSS	Cascading Style Sheets
CT	Computerized Tomography
CTCP	Client To Client Protocoal
CD	Compact Disk
CTS	Clear To Send
CU	Control Unit
CUA	Control User Access
DIVX	Digital Video Express
DNS	Domain Name System
DOS	Disk Operating System
DPMI	Dos Protected Mode Interface
DRAM	Dynamic Ram
DVD RW	DVD Re Writable
DTP	Desktop Publishing
DVR	Digital Video Recorder

EIO	Electronic Id Card
EASI	Embedded All-In-One System Interface
ERP	Error Recovery Procedure
EPROM	Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EUC	End User Computing
FS	File System
FSB	Front side Bus
FSF	Free Software Foundation
GDI	Graphical Device Interface
GIF	Graphics Interchange Format
GPU	Graphics Processing Unit
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HSTP	High Speed Transport Protocol
IHV	Independent Hardware Vender
IFSMGR	Instable File System Manager
IS	Information Systems
ISDN	Integrated Services Digital Network
HID	Human Interface Device
ICM	Image Color Management
ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol
ICM	Image Compression Manager
IE	Internet Explorer
IDT	Internet Development Toolbox
IGRP	Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
JAM	Java Administration Server
J2CE	Java 2 Cryptographic Edition
JDS	Java Desktop System
JMX	Java Management Extensions
KB	Kilobyte
KBPS	Kilobit Per Second
LA	Laboratory Automation
LAN	Local Area Network
LBP	Laser Beam Printer
LPT	Line Printer
MAC	Media Access Control
MAN	Metropolitan Area Network
MAOS	Multi Application Operating System
MB/MB	Megabit/Megabyte
MBR	Master Boot Record
MIDP	Mobile Information Device Profiles
MICR	Magnetic Ink Character Reader
MIDI	Music Instrument Digital Interface
MIMO	Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIPS	Million Instructions Per Second
NCS	Network Computing System
NET PC	Network Personal Computer
NFS	Network File System
NIO	New I/O
OAM	Operation And Maintenance
OCR	Optical Character Reader
P2P	Peer To Peer
PAN	Personal Area Network
PAP	Password Authentication Protocol
PC	Personal Computer
PIC	Peripheral Interface Controller
PAIH	Public Access Internet Host
QAM	Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QFA	Quick File Access
QFP	Quoted For Permanence
RAM	Random Access Memory
RARP	Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RLN	Remote Lan Node
RWM	Read Write Memory
SAN	Storage Area Network
SATA	Serail Ata
SBIN	Super User Binary
SBP-2	Serial Bus Protocol-2
SDK	Software Development Kit
SEO	Search Engine Optimization
TB	Terabyte
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
UI	User Interface
ISO	International Organization For Standardization
IVV	Independent Verification & Validation
IM	Instant Messaging
I/O	Input/Output
IP	Internet Protocol
ISP	Internet Service Provider
IT	Information Technology
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
IP SEC	Internet Protocol Security
JCP	Java Community Process
JPEG	Joint Photographic Experts Group
JS	Java Script
JFC	Java Foundation Classes
KBPS	Kilo Byte Per Second
KPA	Key Process Area
LBA	Logical Block Address
LCD	Liquid Crystal display
LIFO	Last In First Out
LU	Logical Unit
MMX	Multi Media Extensions
MNG	Multiple Image Network Graphics
MPEG	Motion Pictures (coding) Experts Group
MMU	Memory Management Unit
MMX	Multimedia Extension
MPM	Multi Programming Monitor
MPU	Micro Processor Unit
MODEM	Modulator Demodulator
MUI	Multimedia User Interface
MVS	Multiple Virtual Storage
MIME	Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NNTP	Network News Transfer Protocol
NPI	Network Provider Interface
OMR	Optical Mark Reader
OLAP	On Line Analytical Processing
PCP	Printer Control Protocol
PCT	Private Communication Technology
PDC	Primary Control Protocol
POP	Point Of Presence
POP3	Post Office Protocol 3
PSM	Printing Systems Manager
PSTN	Public Switched Telephone Network
PSN	Packet Switching Network
ROM	Read Only Memory
REFAL	Recursive Functions Algorithmic Language
REG	Register
RTL	Regiser Transfer Language
SLIP	Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMBIOS	System Management BIOS
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNTP	Simple Network Time Protocol
SQL	Structured Query Language
SDRAM	Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
TTF	True Type Font
TTS	Text To Speech
TTY	Teletype
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
VB	Visual Basic
VBA	Visual Basic For Application
VBS	Visual Basic Script
VLAN	Virtual Local Area Network
VGA	Video Graphic Array
VGCT	Video Graphics Character Table
WAN	Wide Area Network
WAP	Wireless Application Protocol
WINFS	Windows Future Storage
WMP	Windows Media Player
.ZIP	Compressed File
ZIP	Zone Information Protocol
ZSL	Zero Slot Lan
USB	Universal Serial Bus
VM	Virtual Memory
VMS	Video memory System
VPN	Virtual Private Network
VSAM	Virtual Storage Access Method
VT	Video Terminal
WWW	World Wide Web
WOL	Wake On Line
WSDL	Web Services Description Language
WGS	Work Group System
XUL	Xml User Interface Language
YTD	It is used For Year To Date
ZISC	Zone Instruction Set Computer