TCP | IP Internet Technology and Protocol Explained

Internet Protocol

IP is the primary network protocol use on the Internet, developed in 1970.The Internet protocol is the method of protocol by which data is send from one computer to another on Internet. Each computer on the Internet has at least one. IP address that uniquely identifiers it from all other computer on the Internet.The main purpose of IP is the delivery of data grams from source host to the destination host based on their address.

IP addresses are two types-

1. IPv4 (32 bit)
2. IPv6 (128 bit)

IPv4

IPv4 is the fourth revision of the IP used to do identify device on the network through an addressing system. The IP is designs for the use of interconnection system of packet switching communication network.IPv4 uses at 32 bit addressing system. With the growth of the Internet. It is expected that the no. of unused IPv4 address will run out because every device including computers, smart phone etc.

IPv6

IPv6 is a set of specification from the Internet naming task force. It is essentially an upgrade of IPv4. The basic of IPv6 are similar with these of IPv4 device can be used IPv6 as source and destination address to pass packets over a network.

Features

• Support source and destination address that are of 128 bits.
• Use flow labour fields to identify pocket flow for Qos handling by routers.
• Does not require manual configuration.
• Use multi cast listener discovering  message to manage membership in local sub net groups.

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IP classes

IP classes can be categorized into 5 kinds-

Class A

The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0. Thus, the first octet ranges from 1-127. Class A address only includes IP starting from 1.*.*.* to 126.*.*.* only . The IP range 127.*.*.* is reserve for loop back IP address.

Class B

IP range of Class B starts from 128.*.*.* to 191.*.*.*. The default sub net mask for class B is 255.255.*.*

Class C

Class C IP address ranges from 192.0.0.* to 223.255.255.* The default sub net mask for class C is 255.255.255.*

Class D

This address ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class D is reserve for multi casting.

Class E

The IP Class E is reserved for experimental purpose. IP address in this class is range from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254

Sub net Mask

An IP address is divided into two parts i.e. network and host port, for example, an IP Class A address consists of 8 bits identifying the network and 24 bits identifying host. This is because of default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 8 bits long.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP is a protocol for mapping an IP address into machine address that is recognized by local network.When an incoming packet is destined for a host machine on a particular LAN arrives at gateway. The gateway asks ARP program to find a physical or MAC address which matched with the IP address . ARP looks into ARP cache and if it finds the address, provide it so that the packets can be converted to the right packet length and formal for the machine.It no entry is found for IP address, ARP broadcast a request packet ina special format at all machine on LAN.If one machine knows  that it has that IP address associated with it. ARP updates the ARP codes for future reference then send the packets to the MAC address.

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What is Cybercrime? | Information, Advice, Resources‎

What is Cyber Crime?

Any criminal activity that Eminence uses a  computer either as an instrument, target or means by perpetuating further crime comes within the ambit of cyber crimes."A generalized definition cyber crime may be unlawful act where in the computer is either a tool or target are both."

The computer may be use as a tool in the various kinds of activities such as financial crimes, sales of illegal articles, online gambling, intellectual property crime, email spoofing, cyber de-information and cyber stalking, pornography.

The computer may, however, be target for unlawful  act in the various cases such as unauthorized access to computer, computer network, theft of information, contain in the electronic, e-mail bombing, data diddling, salamy attacks , logic bombs , Trojan attacks, Internet time theft, web jacking, theft of computer system and physically damaging the computer system.

Prevention of Cyber Crime

Always avoid sending any photograph online, particularly to strangers, chat friends, as there have been residence of misuse of the photograph.Always use latest and updated antivirus software to guard against virus attack.

• Always keep backup value so that one may not suffer data loss  in case of virus contamination.
• Never send your credit card number to any site that's not secure to guard against frauds.
• Use of firewall may be beneficial.
• Never share information to everyone, avoid disclosing any information pertaining oneself.

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Impact of the Internet on Society

The Internet has cost a great revolution in society, allowing people from all over the world to communicate their ideas and feeling .The Internet has also changed to way society treat people. It has allowed minor groups much more power than they had in real life. There are many changes to society because of the Internet. 

Some changes are given below-

Working from home

The workplace is becoming stressful for many people with long hours, polluted air and big cities transportation problem. The Internet offers and alternative way to working from home. Business man out source work and enable their staff to work at home.

Freedom of speech

Internet allows anyone who may not the coverage to reach out to others their ideas. This mean that people who have a certain view can get support with out worried about other laughing at them.

Internet Applications

Exchange electronic mail quick friends all over a globe for very small price.

Participate in group discussion.

• To find educational tools, universities, book stores, libraries.
• Sharing online information such as ideas, views etc.
• Student can attain class online from everywhere.
• It is a global value for publishing  information.

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Introduction, History and Characteristics of Internet

What is Internet?

Internet is an interconnection between several computers of different types belonging to various network across the world. Millions of people use the internet to search and share information , ideas etc. It is also used by student, scientist, researchers and individual consumers."Internet is a computer based world wide web information network. It is the network of computers connected with one another all over the world." It is also known as Network of Networks.

History (Development of Internet)

Internet started in a U.S. as a US. government project in 1969. It is known as ARPANET which supervised it in the beginning ARPANET reach university research laboratories and military lab.

In the late 1980 National science foundation of U.S. develop a another network U.C.,I.P. card NSF Net which connect super computer center in the U.S. Many colleges and universities encouraged to connect that network. For large world wide network and computer system communicating according to same protocol is a called Internet.

In 1990 ARPANET was dismented and public network in the U.S. turnover to NSF Net. In the early 1990 commercial network with there out internet exchange or gateways where allows conduct business on the internet. In 1993 NSF created InterNIC to provider internet services.

The backbone of the internet is made up of high speed communication links outs by companies  like AT and T (American Telephone and telegraph) sprint or VSNL in India.Internet brings the outside world to your computer in home and office. It is a global network made up of thousand of networks that communicate with each other.

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Characteristics of Internet

• It is a complex network.
• It is a disorganized.
• It is a decentralized.
• It is composed of millions of files.
• It is a widely use.
• It is access by people of all over world approximately 155 countries uses internet.
• It  is international in a scope.
• It is a dynamic.
• It is growing @12% per month.

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Internet Services - FTP,URL,Use Net,WWW

Internet

The Internet is a communication of many networks and large number of database. Most of services can be access through a web browser such as a Netscape navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer.

The major services offer on the internet are given below-

E-mail

The service provided in 1970 by Ray Tomlinson. It is used for sending data as electronic medium.

Mailing List

This service started in 1981.  It is a group based messaging service.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

It is started in 1973. It is design for transferring file among computers. It is also use in downloading and uploading file on internet server.

Newsgroup (Use Net)

It is started in 1979. It is a public messaging and bulletin board system.

WWW

It started in 1990 by Tim Berners Lee. It is wideness use service on the Internet. This service use for publishing document, multimedia document and files. It is consist of all web pages which are created by HTML, Java.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

URL refers to address on the internet . Billions of doc. and multimedia file can be access on internet through their URL. It is unique address of internet resource. A URL is divided into four part.

1. Transfer Protocol
2. Server Name
3. Directory Path
4. File Name

URL contains the following information-

• The Internet name of the site containing the resources.
• Type of service the resource is server by (HTTP,FTP etc.)
• The internet port no. the services.
• The location of the resource in the directory structure of server.

Structure of URL

http://www.abcstudy.in/Basicclasses/url.html

where,

http known as transfer protocol

abcstudy known as server name

basicclasses known as directory path

url.html known as file name

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Types of URL

Absolute URL

A fully qualified URL that specifies of a resource that the site on the internet is called absolute URL. It is complete path including the domain file name.

Example-

 http://www.abcstudy.in/htmlclasses/url.html

It specifies an html file (url.html) located in the html classes dir, for the www.abcstudy.in domain. This type of URL is use run you want to link a file that is on another server.

Example-

http://www.address.edu:1234/path/subdir/file.html

where,

http is service

www.address.edu is host

1234 is port no.

path/subdir/file.html is knows as file and resource address

Relative URL

It is a partially qualified URL. It specifies a resource on the internet whose location is relative to a starting point specified by an absolute URL. In fact, the concatenated absolute and relative URL constitute a complete URL.

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E-Commerce - Business to Customer, Customer to Business and Video Conferencing

What is E-Commerce?

E-Commerce is electronic commerce means buying and selling items online. It may be a way of enabling business over the Internet. Many companies set up these websites providing details of there product and services. User can purchase item through credit card, other payment gateway. 

The web server can also get information from website and put each and her query on a form. This forms are received by the website owner. The help of these order placed by the customer will be executed speedily. For example- book, movie, ticket etc.

Types of E-Commerce

Mainly three types of E-Commerce are available-

1. Business to Business
2. Business to Customer
3. Customer to Customer/Digital middle man

Business to Business

It means company buying and selling product from the other companies.

Business to Customer

It means owner establishes the website on the Internet. It provide information about product and services on the site. Customer can order product are get any other information from the site.

Customer to Customer

It means that company provides information about several other companies on a companies. The company gathers data from companies which provide the same time of product computer hardware, sales car etc. on services such as travel and tourism. A commission is the charge for each transaction.

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Video Conferencing

Video conferencing is a technology that allow users in a different location to hold face to face meeting without having to move us single location together. This technology is particularly convenient for business user different cities or even different countries because it's save the time expense and hassle associated to business travel. Uses for videoconferencing include holding routine meeting, negotiating business deal and interviewing job's candidate.

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Short Note on JAVA and JavaScript Language | Explained

What is Java?

Java is a oops (Object Oriented Programming Language) OOP developed by Sun Micro system. It is enable application to run on the Internet in a same way as word processing and spread sheet program are run on computer.It was first included in line sound an animation on a web page but now it is uses in play game, calculate, spreadsheet, chat real time, updated data and much more.

 JAVA program run inside your web browser if you have a Java-enabled so such as Netscape. When java programs are inside a browser they called applet.

JavaScript

Java scripting is a newer scripting language which make it easy for non-programmer to improve a web page. Java script is originally developed by Netscape navigator for it using its browser Netscape navigator browser.It includes a convenient syntax, flexible variable type, easy access to the browser  feature. It can run on the browser without being compiled. For java script we can use a same editor as create HTML doc and it directly execute on the browsers.

Difference between JAVA and Java Script

• Java applet is run in a virtual machine while JavaScript is run on  a web browser.
• Java can be executed own platform while JavaScript can be executed any individual platform.
• Java is oop language while java script is oops language.

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