Friday, December 7, 2018

Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information

In this post we discuss about Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information and also Basic Elements and Features of Linux Operating System


Linux,Operating System,Linux Operating System
Basic Linux Operating System Commands- Full Information

Introduction of Linux

Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, Finland, Introduced Linux in 1991.Torvalds worked on the Linux project and wrote the source code for the Linux kernel. Linux is a free operating system. Torvalds made Linux available on the Internet. Many programmers added to the code, changed it, and built in support for all kinds of hardware.

He released the system to  a community of “hackers” on the Internet and asked them to work with it, fix it, and enhance it. In fact, today there are thousands of software developers around the world who have worked on it. The source code for the software is freely available, anyone can work on it. Developers are encouraged to feed their fixes and improvements back into the community so that Linux can continue to grow and improve.

Linux is like a clone of Unix  and has been written from scratch by Linux Torvalds. Torvalds, mainly used Min-ix , a miniature version of Unix as a teaching aid in universities and colleges. He was very much impressed with the features of the Unix Operating System. He wanted to create his own version of the Unix Operating System and distribute freely for use to everybody. 

There is a vast amount of software that can be used with Linux, all of which includes features that can complete with or surpass those of any other operating system in the world. Linux is very similar to Unix. Unix started off as a single-user operating system. 

In 1969, Ken Thompson, by taking ideas and help from Dennis Richie and others, wrote a small , general purpose operating system for small machines. In 1973, Thompson and Richie rewrote the Unix operating System in C in place of writing operating system in assembly language. In 1974, Unix was licensed to universities for educational purposes  and later on, was made commercially available.

Torvalds has made the source code of the Linux kernel available for study and changes over the Internet. This means that the current development version of  Linux is always open to everybody. Torvalds also accepts modification to the kernel code. 

In order to maintain stability, Torvalds exercised strict quality control and then merged all the new code into the kernel . The Internet has played a major role in the development of the Linux operating system. Today,  many companies provide  support for Linux over the Internet.


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Features of Linux

Linux has lots of interesting features. some important features are as follows:


1. Linux is a multi-user operating system. Here, more than one user can connect to the system and work concurrently  at any point in time. Each user can have more than one program  running simultaneously  . Users can also have their own environments arranged, the way they want, their own directory for  storing files and their own desktop  interface with icons, menus, and applications arranged to suit them.

2. Linux supports multi-programming, which allows many programs to be executed simultaneously  by different users. Multi-programming is made possible on the Linux system by the concept of time-sharing. The operating system has to manage the different programs to be executed.

3. A program in Linux is broken into tasks, each task being something like reading from or writing to the disk or waiting for input from a user. The operating system which has ability to handle the execution of multiple tasks is known as multi-tasking.

4. Linux is Po-six-compliant and supports most of the standard sets for all Unix systems.

5. Linux is the powerful framework for working with graphical applications and it is referred to as the X-windows system.X handles the function of opening X-based graphic user interface (GUI) applications and displaying them on a X-environment to provide a desktop metaphor and windows manager to provide the GUI application like icons, window  frames, menus and colors, or a combination of these items called themes.

6. Linux has a program called DOSEMV.   It creates a DOS emulator that can execute many DOS applications. DOSEMV uses image files of a hard disk to emulate a DOS hard disk so that you need not have a DOS partition.

7. Linux comes with the Apache Web Server that serves web pages. It is a most popular web server in use today.

8. Linux also comes with a lots of other useful and free software such as text editors, browsers, and scientific applications.

9. Linux can be installed in several machine profiles without the need to configure the software.

10. No virus can attack Linux since common users don’t have access to the system’s main kernel.


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Basic Elements of Linux

Kernel


The Kernel is at the core of Linux system and it is loaded in the memory as soon as system start up. It manages main memory file and peripheral device. Maintaining the time and date launching applications and allocating system resources are also functions of this part of the operating system.

Shell


Shell is a program which interpret the program given by the users. Commands  can be either by typed in through the command line or contained in a file called shell script commands interpreted by the shell.

The File System

Linux treats everything as file. Even a directory treated that contains entries for several other files. All the hardware devices such as input output storage etc. are all treated as a The Linux file system is organised in an hierarchy which starts with the root directory and it is represented forward slash. Standard system directory in Linux uses for slash as separators.


/bin

This directory  contains executable program file (Binary Files) . In this directory one can finds the files for the Linux commands.

/dev

This directory contains the special file for example the printer may be a file known as PRN in this directory . Hard Disk may be a hda file and its first partition would a hda file.

/etc

This directory contains all the system wide configuration information as text file.

/lib

This directory contains the library files. Library files contains the reusable functions and routines for the programmer to use.

/tmp

This directory contains all the temporary files which will eventually be deleted from the system.

/usr

This directory contains the home directory of the user source text for the online manual pages, games and other directories. There is one home directory for each user.

/kernel

This directory contains all the kernel specific code. The kernel is the heart of the linux system. It is responsible the resource allocation security and low level hardware interface.

/mnt

This is the directory where the storage devices other than (hard disk, floppy disk) are mounted. This directory contains the sub directories floppy and CD-ROM which when these devices are mounted show the content of the CD-ROM or floppy disk respectively.

Commands


A Linux command is a series of character that we type. These character consist of word which are separated by wide spaces the first word is the command itself and the rest are commands argument. These argument provide information that command may need for its execution.


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posted by TrendStatus @ December 07, 2018