Networking Model- OSI Reference Model , TCP/IP Model

Networking Model

There are only two networking model and mostly use as given below-

1. OSI Model (Open system Interconnection)
2. TCP/IP

 OSI Reference Model

The open system Interconnection is a set up of protocol that attempt  to define and standardize data communication process. We can say that it is a concept that described how data communication should  take place. The OSI Model was set by the international Standard organization 1984 and it is now considered the primary architecture or model  for inter-computer communication the OSI Model has the support on major  computer and network vendor's , many lare customers and most govt. in different  countries.

The OSI Model describe how information from a software application in a one computer moves through a network medium to a software application of another computer.

7	Application Layer
6	Presentation layer
5	Session Layer
4	Transport Layer
3	Network Layer
2	Data link Layer
1	Physical Layer

Function of Layer

Physical Layer

The data unit of on this layer are called Bits . This include how data is compressed onto the cable and received from it.

Data Link Layer

This layer groups the bits that we see on the physical layer into frames. It is a primarily responsible for error free delivery of data on a hop . The data link layer is split into sub layer that  is-logical link layer (LLC) Media allocation control (MAC)

Network Layer

This layer establish the route between sending and receiving station. The unit of data at the network layers called packet. It also provides network rooting, flow and congestion function across computer network interface.

Transport Layer

This layer responsible for over on end to end validity and integrity of the transmission . It is ensures that data is successfully send and receive between two computers. It  ensured if a 12MB file is send, the full 12 MB is received.

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Session Layer

This layer decides  when to term communication on and off between computers. It provide a mechanism that control the data exchange process and co-ordinates the interaction between them in orderly manner.

Presentation Layer

The layer performs code conversion  and data reformatting . It is the translator of the network. It make sure that data is in the correct form for the receiving application.

 Application  Layer

This layer probably the most easily misunderstand layer of the model. The top mo layer define the language and syntax  that  program use to communicate with other programs. The layer represent the purpose of communicating in the first  layer.

Note-

Physical layer = data in form of bits

Network  Medium = cable

Data Link Layer = Data in form of frame

Network Layer = Data in form of packet , network of hardware , routers

Transport Layer = End to end and point to point connection, network hardware  = breeze

Session layer = Communication on and off with particular order

presentation Layer = network translator for application (syntax trans.)

Application Layer = Use language , syntax, libraries for communicating  to other software information.

TCP/IP Model

Enable all types of computers to transmit data to each other via a common communication language. TCP/IP is a compost of two major parts; TCP at the transport layer and IP at the network layer. TCP/IP is a connection oriented protocol that passes its data to IP. TCPsets up a connection at the both ends and guaranties reliable delivery of the full message sent. TCP test for errors and request retransmission if necessary.

TCP/IP modelhas four layers

4	Application layer
3	Transport layer
2	Network layer
1	physical Layer

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Scope of Information Technology in Education and In Future

Scope of Information Technology

It is well accepted that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have an immense potential to impact education- of children, of teachers ,of teacher educators and others, and provide newer and more effective ways of mitigating some of the challenges being faced by the educational system of our country. 

These technologies 23 distinguish themselves by their rapid evolution, continuously changing the modes of engagement with them. A decade long infusion of computers, and more recently ICT, has demonstrated varying impacts on learning.

 Besides, ICT are also that have the best returns of` investments, causing much confusion regarding practises that have the best returns on investments. Under these circumstances , the recent National policy on ICT in School Education is a beacon which directs future implementations.

Teaching Learning Process

Effective learning is possible by five sensory means. According to psychological study human can grasp 80% knowledge visually, necessary to present the content by attractive means. computer technology helps us to provide rich presentation. To provide rich presentation, it is necessary to use the various components like:

• Text matter presentation
• Animation presentation
• Graphic presentation
• Audio Presentation
• Video presentation

Computer Aided Teaching has become popular now a days.

 Publication

The notes, printed text books can be digitized with the help of computer technology. Many e-books are available on websites developed by different publishers. Encyclopedia are also available on Internet.

 Evaluation

Information Technology  can help in evaluation process that is Online Results, tests Feedback, Software Progress reports etc.

Research

ICT can make sharing data concerning various researches easy, in addition to myriad other benefits with the help of – search engines, libraries, Internet, Wikipedia etc.

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Administration

Administration process can be smoothed out with developing ICTs and all records would be much easier to maintain, for example- Employees register, Library record, dead stock register, Progress reports, Students register, Placement cell, Alumni record, School campus , Finance and accounts, Timetable.

Scope of InformationTechnology in Future

• To harness the modern information and communication technologies for all. The potential of these technologies must be exploited in order to broaden the reach of basic education, particularly in the direction of the excluded and underprivileged groups; and to enhance and improve classroom teaching.

• To replace costly, rigid and culturally alienating educational structures with less expensive delivery systems that are more flexible, more diversified and universally affordable, without ever sacrificing quality.

• To develop basic education services accessible to all , including the poorest, illiterate adults, children outside the school system- whether at work , in the street or refugees- through a strategy involving both the formal education system and all the alternatives offered by the non-formal  sector. Basic education must become a field which is free of all forms of exclusion and discrimination.

• These are the ways of achieving an education that is authentic, accessible to all without exclusion or discrimination, modern and universally affordable, will provide each individual with the keys to diversified and virtually limitless knowledge.

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The Application and Benefits of Information and Communication Technologies

Role of ICT

The role of ICTs in the education is recurring and unavoidable.Rapid changes in the technologies are indicating that the role of ICT in future will grow tremendously in education.By observing current activities and practises in the education,we can say the development of ICTs within education has strongly affected on:

a.What is learned?

b.How it is learned?

c.When & where learning takes place

d.Who is learning and who is teaching.

ICT also focuses modification of the role of teachers.In addition to classroom teaching,they will have other skills and responsibilities.Teachers will act as virtual guides for students who use electronic media.Ultimately , the use of ICT will enhance the learning experiences of students.Also it helps them to think independently and communicate creatively.It also helps students in building successful careers and lives,in an increasingly technological world.

Enabled Personalized Learning

Learning is not a one size fits all “Technology can offer a personalized learning environment that is tailored to students' individual differences: progression level,pace,interests,learning style,and background.Technology provides the support and challenge required to keep students engaged and motivated and empowers them to reach their potential.

 Measurable Teacher Outcomes

ICT has brought about many dramatic changes in how teachers teach and how students learn.Educators use ICT to design and assess learning activities,to communicate with students, parents, and community members, as well as to participate in professional development experiences.

Greater Community Involvement

Technology can help support parents and community member’s involvement in student learning by using methods such as school websites, email, blogs, text-messaging, etc. to help keep interested parties aware and engaged in their local education system.

Supporting Economic Development

Research suggests that implementation of ICT in the classroom, along with the transformation to learner-centered instruction , supports economic and social benefits throughout a country.

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Enhanced Teamwork and Cooperation

ICT Tools foster an anytime-anywhere environment of increased student cooperation and teamwork . Similarly, technology implementation leads to increased collaboration and teamwork among teachers who are planning ICT integration in their curriculum.

Bridging the Gender Gap

ICT has minimized gender differences in academic achievement. Lower achieving boys have improved performance and achieved higher test scores with ICT. Other studies recognize that ICT helps improve the performance and attitudes of female students in traditionally male-dominated fields. connect and communicate with classrooms all over the world, resulting in increased global awareness and a sense of cultural identity.

Sound Educational Investment

 Given scarce budget dollars of most schools, districts, and ministries of education, ICT is one of the key investments that should be made that benefits teachers and students.

Increased Global competition

Investing in technology helps schools perform better. The increasingly important role ICT plays in economic development and the rapid rate at which it changes makes it difficult for schools and countries which do not invest in technology to compete globally.

STEM Learning

The products and services of the future will depend on engineers, scientists, and technology experts to create them. ICT assists students in collaborating with peers and experts, designing products, collecting and analyzing performance data, and in many cases, actually helping them build products.

Increased Global Collaboration

 

ICT tools allow students to connect and communicate with classrooms all over the world, resulting in increased global awareness and a sense of cultural identity.

Improved Academic Reporting

Effective ICT Integration provides educational institutions with a variety of tools that community members and educators can use to analyze data such as demographics, achievement, and budgets. This feedback and analysis loop helps keeps schools accountable to their community.

Fostering Workforce Development

In both developed and developing countries, non-skilled jobs are disappearing. The rapid changes brought about by technology demand that workers learn not only how to use specific tools, but also how to implement strategies for lifelong learning in the workplace.

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Definitions of ICT - Information and communication Technology

According to Ifueko Omoigui Okauru-

ICT is the digital processing and utilization of information by the use of electronic computers. It comprises the storage, retrieval, conversion and transmission of information. 

Definitions of ICT - Information and communication Technology

ICT (Information and communication technology-or technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing : radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and application associated with them, such as video conferencing and distance learning, ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common outside of the United States.

According to Daintith, John-

 A branch of engineering dealing with the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.The study , design, development, application, implementation , support or management of computer-based information systems.The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computers networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones.

Margaret Rouse goes further to explain ICT as applying to software, and not only hardware as seems to be the case in the other definitions. This difference isn’t so obvious, as one can argue that, in order for the equipment mentioned in the other definitions to serve their purpose, software (or an engine) is needed to run them.

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All the definitions share a similar notion that,information has to be generated and shared.They also assert that such information must be digital or electronic.The definitions  generally do not restrict ICT to only computers,they mention telecommunications equipment such as mobile phones,printers,scanners etc as well.Conclusively, ICT is a general term.which describes the process of creating, modifying,storage,transmission of information.in varied formats,between humans and machines alike globally,using several different electronic technologies,to achieve an outcome (be it recreational,or otherwise.)

Information and Communications Technology(ICT) has an important role in the world since we are now in the information age era.The lack of appropriate information at the right time will result in low productivity.low quality research works,and waste of time to pursue information and even to do research which actually others had done or in other countries. Nowadays ICT cannot be separated with our daily needs and has a great impact in our everyday lives.

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