Networking Model- OSI Reference Model , TCP/IP Model

Networking Model

There are only two networking model and mostly use as given below-

1. OSI Model (Open system Interconnection)
2. TCP/IP

 OSI Reference Model

The open system Interconnection is a set up of protocol that attempt  to define and standardize data communication process. We can say that it is a concept that described how data communication should  take place. The OSI Model was set by the international Standard organization 1984 and it is now considered the primary architecture or model  for inter-computer communication the OSI Model has the support on major  computer and network vendor's , many lare customers and most govt. in different  countries.

The OSI Model describe how information from a software application in a one computer moves through a network medium to a software application of another computer.

7	Application Layer
6	Presentation layer
5	Session Layer
4	Transport Layer
3	Network Layer
2	Data link Layer
1	Physical Layer

Function of Layer

Physical Layer

The data unit of on this layer are called Bits . This include how data is compressed onto the cable and received from it.

Data Link Layer

This layer groups the bits that we see on the physical layer into frames. It is a primarily responsible for error free delivery of data on a hop . The data link layer is split into sub layer that  is-logical link layer (LLC) Media allocation control (MAC)

Network Layer

This layer establish the route between sending and receiving station. The unit of data at the network layers called packet. It also provides network rooting, flow and congestion function across computer network interface.

Transport Layer

This layer responsible for over on end to end validity and integrity of the transmission . It is ensures that data is successfully send and receive between two computers. It  ensured if a 12MB file is send, the full 12 MB is received.

Read More:-

E-mail Protocols –SMTP, POP3, IMAP, MIME

Electronic Mail (Ray Tomlinson)-1970 : Features and Structure of e-mail

Internet Connectivity- ISDN, SLIP,PPP, Packet Switching and UDP

Types of Transmission (Mode) – Simplex, Serial and Parallel Transmission

Networking Components-NIC (Network Interface Card),Modem,Gateway

Session Layer

This layer decides  when to term communication on and off between computers. It provide a mechanism that control the data exchange process and co-ordinates the interaction between them in orderly manner.

Presentation Layer

The layer performs code conversion  and data reformatting . It is the translator of the network. It make sure that data is in the correct form for the receiving application.

 Application  Layer

This layer probably the most easily misunderstand layer of the model. The top mo layer define the language and syntax  that  program use to communicate with other programs. The layer represent the purpose of communicating in the first  layer.

Note-

Physical layer = data in form of bits

Network  Medium = cable

Data Link Layer = Data in form of frame

Network Layer = Data in form of packet , network of hardware , routers

Transport Layer = End to end and point to point connection, network hardware  = breeze

Session layer = Communication on and off with particular order

presentation Layer = network translator for application (syntax trans.)

Application Layer = Use language , syntax, libraries for communicating  to other software information.

TCP/IP Model

Enable all types of computers to transmit data to each other via a common communication language. TCP/IP is a compost of two major parts; TCP at the transport layer and IP at the network layer. TCP/IP is a connection oriented protocol that passes its data to IP. TCPsets up a connection at the both ends and guaranties reliable delivery of the full message sent. TCP test for errors and request retransmission if necessary.

TCP/IP modelhas four layers

4	Application layer
3	Transport layer
2	Network layer
1	physical Layer

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