TCP | IP Internet Technology and Protocol Explained
Internet Protocol
IP is the primary network protocol use on the Internet, developed in 1970.The Internet protocol is the method of protocol by which data is send from one computer to another on Internet. Each computer on the Internet has at least one. IP address that uniquely identifiers it from all other computer on the Internet.The main purpose of IP is the delivery of data grams from source host to the destination host based on their address.
- IPv4 (32 bit)
- IPv6 (128 bit)
IPv4
IPv4 is the fourth revision of the IP used to do identify device on the network through an addressing system. The IP is designs for the use of interconnection system of packet switching communication network.IPv4 uses at 32 bit addressing system. With the growth of the Internet. It is expected that the no. of unused IPv4 address will run out because every device including computers, smart phone etc.
IPv6
IPv6 is a set of specification from the Internet naming task force. It is essentially an upgrade of IPv4. The basic of IPv6 are similar with these of IPv4 device can be used IPv6 as source and destination address to pass packets over a network.
Features
Features
- Support source and destination address that are of 128 bits.
- Use flow labour fields to identify pocket flow for Qos handling by routers.
- Does not require manual configuration.
- Use multi cast listener discovering message to manage membership in local sub net groups.
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IP classes
IP classes can be categorized into 5 kinds-
Class A
The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0. Thus, the first octet ranges from 1-127. Class A address only includes IP starting from 1.*.*.* to 126.*.*.* only . The IP range 127.*.*.* is reserve for loop back IP address.
Class B
IP range of Class B starts from 128.*.*.* to 191.*.*.*. The default sub net mask for class B is 255.255.*.*
Class C
Class C IP address ranges from 192.0.0.* to 223.255.255.* The default sub net mask for class C is 255.255.255.*
Class D
This address ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class D is reserve for multi casting.
Class E
The IP Class E is reserved for experimental purpose. IP address in this class is range from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
Sub net Mask
An IP address is divided into two parts i.e. network and host port, for example, an IP Class A address consists of 8 bits identifying the network and 24 bits identifying host. This is because of default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 8 bits long.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
ARP is a protocol for mapping an IP address into machine address that is recognized by local network.When an incoming packet is destined for a host machine on a particular LAN arrives at gateway. The gateway asks ARP program to find a physical or MAC address which matched with the IP address . ARP looks into ARP cache and if it finds the address, provide it so that the packets can be converted to the right packet length and formal for the machine.It no entry is found for IP address, ARP broadcast a request packet ina special format at all machine on LAN.If one machine knows that it has that IP address associated with it. ARP updates the ARP codes for future reference then send the packets to the MAC address.
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